Blockchain Concepts
Plain-language roundups of the core technologies behind blockchains — privacy, virtual machines, consensus, cryptography, and scaling.
Top Cryptographic Primitives Behind Every Blockchain
A guide to the core cryptographic primitives that make blockchains work—hash functions, digital signatures, Merkle trees, elliptic-curve crypto, and commitments.
Top Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms: Proof of Work, Proof of Stake and Beyond
A clear guide to blockchain consensus mechanisms—Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, Delegated Proof of Stake, BFT consensus, and how each secures a network.
Top Blockchain Virtual Machines: EVM, SVM, MoveVM, WebAssembly/RISC-V and CairoVM
A guide to top blockchain virtual machines—EVM, SVM, MoveVM, WebAssembly and RISC-V VMs, and CairoVM—comparing languages, execution models, and ecosystems.
Top Blockchain Scaling Approaches: Rollups, Sidechains, Channels and Sharding
A learner's guide to blockchain scaling — optimistic rollups, ZK rollups, sidechains, payment channels, sharding, and data availability layers compared.
Top Blockchain Privacy Technologies: Zero-Knowledge Proofs, FHE, MPC, TEEs and Ring Signatures
A plain-language guide to the five leading blockchain privacy technologies—zero-knowledge proofs, FHE, MPC, TEEs, and ring signatures—compared side by side.
Top Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems: Groth16, PLONK, STARKs, Halo2 and Nova
A practical comparison of Groth16, PLONK, STARKs, Halo2, and Nova across proof size, proving speed, setup, verification, and EVM fit.
Top Fully Homomorphic Encryption Schemes: BFV, BGV, CKKS and TFHE
A practical comparison of BFV, BGV, CKKS, and TFHE by data type, bootstrapping cost, workload fit, maturity, and available libraries.
Top Rollup Types: Optimistic, ZK, Validium and Volition Compared
Compare optimistic rollups, ZK rollups, validiums, and volitions by data availability, security inheritance, withdrawal delay, cost, and networks.